ANTIBIOTICS. Winner of the Standing Ovation Award for "Best PowerPoint Templates" from Presentations Magazine. Pharmacology Pharmacology is the study of the actions of drugs, incorporating knowledge from other interrelated sciences, such as pharmacokinetics and pharmaco-dynamics. According to the literature, the antibiotic has an elimination t 1/2 of 2 hours, V D of 1.25 L/kg, and is effective at a plasma drug concentration of 14 mg/L. 1. 3. antibiotic There are >31,000 antibiotic orders (new starts) placed at DUMC annually. Long-term Care Up to 70% of residents in a nursing home receive one or more courses of systemic antibiotics when followed over a year. General Principles of Pharmacokinetics. Antibiotics Classification - Antibiotics was one of medical medicine's biggest success storeys. PHARMACOKINETICS Pharmacokinetics describes the time course of drug levels in body fluids as a result of absorption, distribution, and elimination of a drug after administration. Basic Concepts in Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacology of Pneumonia. The resting membrane potential is - 70 mV - identical to that of Ecl C 6. Knowledge from the various pharmaco-logic classes enables the nurse to understand how drugs work in the body, to achieve the therapeutic The anti-infective drugsThe anti-infective drugs Anti-infective agents are drugs that are designed to act selectively on foreign organisms that have invaded and infected the body 2. Objectives 1. Clearance, volume of distribution, half-life, and bioavailability are four pharmacokinetic parameters that allow the clinician to better estimate dosing requirements. Objectives 1. k 12, k 21 and k are first-order rate constants: k A 4. for slow iv infusion) penicillins have the capacity to inactivate aminoglycosides (e.g. Data identification: An English-language literature search employing MEDLINE (1987-91), Index Medicus (1987-91), Program and Abstracts of the 30th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy . Absorption Most antimicrobial drugs are administered either by the intravenous (IV) or oral administration (PO) routes. However, it is very difficult to measure the quantity of PPI binding in vivo, so we need another parameter substituting the quantity of PPI binding. In addition, the physiological response to food intake, in particular, gastric acid secretion, may reduce or increase the bioavailability of certain drugs. Objective: To compare the new macrolide antibiotic clarithromycin with erythromycin in terms of in vitro activity, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, and toxicity. Ke y wor ds: penicillin antibiotics, pharmacokinetics of penicillins, s witch therapy More disturbingly, in Question 3 from the first paper of 2004 the college demanded some significant discussion of fluconazole. 6 Basic pharmacokinetics Cp (a) Time log Cp (b) Time Figure 1.2(a) Plasma concentration (C p) versus time profile of a drug showing a one-compartment model. The anti-infective drugsThe anti-infective drugs Anti-infective agents are drugs that are designed to act selectively on foreign organisms that have invaded and infected the body 2. Pharmacokinetics vs. Pharmacodynamics. these agents are found to cause significant damage to the cartilages such that they are given cautiously to growing children and adolescents less than 18 years of age. Pharmacokinetics: The Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion of Drugs OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, the reader should be able to: • Explain the meaning of the terms absorption, distribu-tion, metabolism, and excretion. B 2. These results suggest that the use of cranberry juice at usual quantities as prophylaxis for UTI is not likely to alter the pharmacokinetics of these two oral antibiotics. XDR TB occurs when a Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain is resistant to isoniazid and rifampin, two of the most powerful first-line drugs, as well as key drugs of the second line regimen—any fluoroquinolone and at least one of the three injectable drugs shown above. Reports suggest that antibiotics account for nearly 80% of all prescription medications during pregnancy and that approximately 20-25% of women will receive an antibiotic during pregnancy. It is rapidly absorbed following oral administration, reaching a mean peak drug plasma concentration (C(max)) of approximately 3.56 mg/l within 2 h after a 400 mg dose. Samples can be obtained bronchoscopically or nonbronchoscopically, culured . Antimalerial Drugs. A. E . Clinical pharmacokinetics is the application of pharmacokinetic principles to the safe and effective therapeutic management of drugs in an individual patient. • NOT having accurate drug efficacy and safety data in pregnancy = higher risk than that associated with - women in clinical trials becoming pregnant and exposing the fetus to the trial drug. Regarding equilibrium potential (mammalian spinal motor neurons) a. ANTIBIOTICS — are chemical compounds of biologic origin that exert selective damaging or subversive effect on microorganisms. Describe distribution 4. The 5th semester of B.Pharm's pharmacology-II (BP503T) subject contains the following syllabus issued by the Pharmacy Council of India: UNIT-I. 2. Drug interactions can alter the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics of a drug. of. A 9. • The time course of drug concentration is closely related to the antibiotic effect at the site of infection and to any toxic effects • Pharmacodynamic factors include pathogen susceptibility testing, drug bactericidal versus bacteriostatic activity, drug synergism, antagonism and . present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a . Kinetics is the study of the rate of a process and the factors affecting on it. • List two physiologic factors that can alter each of the processes of absorption, distribution, and excretion. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Proton Pump Inhibitor It is clear that the quantity of PPI bound to the enzyme is directly linked to the inhibition of gastric acid secretion. 3, 4. Describe absorption 3. Pharmacology of the Antibiotics Pharma. 2. Drug therapy is impacted by factors that affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Tetracyclines should be avoided in children under 12 years. Describe elimination . Describe absorption 3. Pharmacology Lecture Notes PPT - set 5. C 5. Pharmacology 120 Julie Cordts - Instructor Pharmacology PowerPoint Lectures All lessons will open in a new browser window allowing easy access to this menu. Pharmacology-II Notes & Books PDF Download. It is given intravenously or intramuscularly once a day. Up to 32 infants were enrolled for each antibiotic. G Vijay Narasimha Kumar Asst. Previous studies have indicated that oral or parenteral preparations of ciprofloxacin resulted in therapeutic concentrations in the aqueous humor but intravitreal levels were found to be only marginally higher than the MIC90 for gram positive cocci. A 11. Principles of Antibiotic Therapy for Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia Prompt empiric therapy: Initiate when there is clinical suspicion of infection Obtain a lower respiratory tract culture (sputum, tracheal aspirate, protected brush, BAL) prior to initiation of antibiotic therapy. E 12. Sex differences in body composition, such as total . However, the speed of onset, the intensity and the duration of the response usually depend on parameters such as: . DUMC spends >$10 million on antimicrobial agents each year. 2. D 14. Antibiotics. Ciprofloxacin is a fluorinated quinolone antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram positive and gram negative organisms. Winner of the Standing Ovation Award for "Best PowerPoint Templates" from Presentations Magazine. 2. Clinical Pharmacokinetics is the major review journal in the area of clinical pharmacokinetics, the study of drug disposition in the human body, which is an integral part of drug development and rational pharmacotherapy.. If the concentration of a drug in an easily assessable sampled fluid (e.g., plasma, urine, saliva) correlates well with the pharmacologic . 1-3 The most common infections encountered during pregnancy include urinary tract infections (UTIs), including pyelonephritis; sexually transmitted infections (STIs); and upper respiratory tract infections . Department of Pharmacology . A 8. 2. Download presentation. What is Pharmacology? Strangely, the raw untreated pharmacology does occasionally come up in this otherwise very pragmatic clinical-based exam. Pharmacology of Antiviral Drugs. World's Best PowerPoint Templates - CrystalGraphics offers more PowerPoint templates than anyone else in the world, with over 4 million to choose from. (ii) The frequency of drug administration i.e. The pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in the urinary tract including the kidneys, the bladder and the prostate are briefly reviewed. B 7. Drugs used in congestive . Define pharmacokinetics 2. The major classes of antibiotics include: aminoglycosides, penicillins and penicillinase-resistant drugs, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and antimycobacterials (e.g. The renal excretory function is reduced in preterms compared to term infants and Cl of these drugs is reduced in premature infants. When we discuss the clinical pharmacology of tetracyclines, we must consider the following factors. lly used for intrathecal injection, drug concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid after intrathecal injection of daptomycin and tigecyclin were recently studied. the time interval between doses. In other words, PK describes a drug's absorption, distribution . Nonrenal clearance accounts for approximately 33% of the elimination of ciprofloxacin; to date, 4 metabolites . There are antibiotics with Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antitumor actions . This antibiotic is active against some important gram-positive and most gram-negative bacteria. Pharmacology of Endocrine System: Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, Thyroid hormones and anti thyroid drugs, parathormone, calcitonin and Vitamin D, Insulin, glucagons, incretins, oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin analogs, ACTH and corticosteroids, Androgens and anabolic steroids, Estrogens, progesterone and oral contraceptives, Drugs . Pharmacology of the Antibiotics Pharma. 22. The purpose of this article is to review and summarise those aspects of the pharmacokinetic behaviour of the penicillins that may be of particular interest to the clinician. 1. The maturation of the kidneys governs the pharmacokinetics of penicillins, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides in the neonate. Antibiotics An antibiotic is technically a substance produced a microorganism to inhibit or kill other microorganisms: • e.g., the mold Penicillium chrysogenum produces penicillin which kills Gram+ bacteria In practice, though, the term antibiotic is used to refer to any substance, natural or synthetic, that inhibits or kills microorganisms: GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY. - a diverse and broad range of drugs with often complex mechanisms, Here, in this review, we study the key facts of antiviral drugs pharmacology that pharmacy students need to know. If an aminoglycoside and a beta lactam antibiotic are inadvertently mixed in the same bottle of parenteral solution (e.g. They'll give your presentations a professional, memorable appearance - the kind of sophisticated look that today's audiences expect. PHARMACOLOGY Drugs Study 3. Outpatient gi system- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea … The most important drug properties are lipophilicity at a neutral pH, molecular mass . Antibiotics Pharmacology Answers 1. AUTACOIDS. Since antibiotic interaction with target molecule is generally quite specific, minor alteration of the target molecule can have important effect on antibiotic binding. Introduction to Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Pharmacokinetics is currently defined as the study of the time course of drug absorption, distribution, metabo-lism, and excretion. Describe elimination . Clinical Pharmacology. Winner of the Standing Ovation Award for "Best PowerPoint Templates" from Presentations Magazine. ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT • any chemical or drug used to treat an infectious disease, either by inhibiting or killing the pathogens in vivo. Total body clearance of a drug and its steady state plasma concentration (Cp ss) are related in the following manner: Cp ss = Dose x Fractions of . Htet Wai Moe Resident Pharmacology 2. Usually, pharmacokinetics study involves considering both experimental and . Antihelmintics. antibiotic s witch therap y has prov ed to be an effectiv e and saf e pharmacotherapy f or bacter ial inf ections. Antimicrobial pharmacology and its effect on prescribing is quite complex. Pharmacodynamics of antibiotics 1. The type of response of an individual to a particular drug depends on the inherent pharmacological properties of the drug at its site of action. 40-75% of antibiotic prescriptions are inappropriate. They'll give your presentations a professional, memorable appearance - the kind of sophisticated look that today's audiences expect. Pharmacology has two major branches: • Pharmacokinetics • Pharmacodynamics 4. Pharmacokinetics refers to the movement of drugs into, through and out of the body. The interaction does not occur in vivo if the drugs are given by different . The extraction ratio of an organ of elimination (e.g. b. 3. INTRODUCTION The Macrolides are a group of closely related compounds characterized by a macrocyclic lactone ring (usually containing 14 or 16 atoms) to which deoxysugars are attached. E 3. While these antibiotics differ markedly in their acid stability and oral absorption, misleading inferences may be drawn from s … 1. Such interactions are frequently caused by chelation with components in food. The main difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is that pharmacokinetics (PK) is defined as the movement of drugs through the body, whereas pharmacodynamics (PD) is defined as the body's biological response to drugs. adverse effects of the fluoroquinolones cns- dizziness, insomnia, headache, and depression related to possible effects on the cns membrane. (b) Time profile of a one-compartment model showing log C p versus time. The following parameters must be considered while developing a dosage regimen: (i) The size to the dose of the drugs. Amoxicillin and Potassium Clavulanate: An Antibiotic Combination Mechanism of Action, Pharmacokinetics, Antimicrobial Spectrum, Clinical Efficacy and Adverse Effects Article May 1984 a. gentamicin) via nucleophilic opening of the beta lactam ring, by the methylamino group of aminoglycosides. Macrolide antibiotics 1. Alteration in the 30S subunit or 50S subunit: Of the ribosome leads to resistance to drugs that affect the protein synthesis, i.e., macrolides, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and . Antifungal pharmacology has come up as a broad theme in Question 13from the first paper of 2010, albeit briefly. Selecting an antibiotic that will optimally treat an infection while minimizing adverse effects and the development of resistance is only the first step, as one must also consider the patient's individual pharmacokinetic alterations and the pharmacodynamic properties of the drug when prescribing it as well. The absolute bioavailability of ciprofloxacin is approximately 70%. Appetite stimulant and suppressant. Why do we study PK? 52 The plasma concentration and calculated plasma CL for doxorubicin were noted as the following: day 1 of the . 3. First-generation tetracyclines feature low lipophilia and they are usually available in peroral form only, except rolitetracycl … Antiviral. Objectives After completion of this lecture you will be able to understand - What are betalactam antimicrobials - Mechanism of action - Types of Penicillin, Uses, ADRs . peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity. Disinfection , sterilization, antibiotics - Sterilization (or sterilisation) refers to any process that eliminates, removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of life and other biological agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, spore forms, prions, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) The drug is supplied in 5-mL ampuls containing 150 mg/mL. 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